cosmicsignals

Past the end of the nose.

As explained in post 10 (“The cosmological constant revised”) and post 12 (“The inconstancy of the speed of light”), C is not the speed of light, but the true cosmological constant and continuity to which the four variable dimensions mass, energy, space and time are fully subjected, separately and in their relation to one another (see also post 6 “C=T/M x E/S”).

What proportion does C bear to the speed of light c?

As soon as there is some energy (= mass) anywhere, there is some time and consequently some space. If gravitation increases, time runs slower. If gravitation decreases, time runs faster. So one can say that the course of  time varies between extreme slow and extreme fast. It cannot  be infinite slow or infinite fast. Some energy (= mass) or some fluctuation/information must exist anywhere at all times. This means that gravitation is an inescapable property of the world. Nevertheless gravitation may look like an emergent phenomenon (Erik Verlinde’s idea). This seeming contradiction can be explained as follows. C can be considered the constant and continuous speed at which the influence of gravitation spreads through space-time. Yet how can we measure and determine the speed of C? In fact we cannot unless there is some time. For instance we can measure the speed of light because it has some energy (= mass) or information and therefore some time (close to zero). By measuring the speed of light we find c for C. The “speed” of gravitation as such cannot be measured. Therefore it only seems that gravitation is an emergent phenomenon.

Black hole evaporation is caused by the spatial time-difference between the course of time in the centre of a black hole and the course of time in the space surrounding the black hole. Time-diferences are related to mass-differences or, in other words, differences in concentration of information (the Hawking radiation theory on black hole evaporation is based on  quantum effects).

To be continued.

The inconstancy of the speed of light

The speed of light is defined as a constant (in vacuum). This implies a steady ratio between frequency and wavelength. If the frequency increases the wavelength shortens proportionally. Therefore the lapse of time between two wave tops is supposed to be shorter or longer as the wavelength becomes shorter or longer. As we know light leaving earth looses energy. The wavelength increases and so does the lapse of time between two wave tops. Light approaching earth gets more energy, the wavelengths shorten and so does the lapse of time between two wave tops. Therefore one may expect that time is running slower when the influence of gravitation is diminishing and that time is running faster when the influence of gravitation is increasing.

However, by means of atomic chronometers the opposite has been ascertained. Clocks run slower respectively faster as the influence of gravitation grows respectively diminishes.
The Shapiro time-delay also proves that time goes slower when the influence of gravitation increases. This phenomenon is explained by the curvature of space-time forcing light to follow a curved and therefore longer path. Yet this does not explain the discrepancy between what one may expect and the results of chronometry: time-delay (clocks running slower) does not seem compatible with shorter wavelengths. On the other hand time-acceleration (clocks running faster) does not seem compatible with longer wavelengths.

The atomic chronometers show that there is a relation between mass and time as indication of gravitational strength. Like C the relation between mass and time is constant and continuous. In other words, any change of mass (increase/decrease) is attended by a change of time (slower/faster). If a ray of light, with its energy (= mass), approaches the mass of the earth, the wavelength shortens due to the time-delay generated by the increasing influence of the earth’s gravitation. Shorter wavelengths imply more energy. On the other hand the wavelength of a ray of light leaving earth lengthens due to the time-acceleration generated by the decreasing influence of the earth’s gravitation. Longer wavelengths imply less energy.

Apparently gravitation changes the speed of light. If light looses energy due to gravitation (the distance between two wave tops lenghens), its speed increases proportionally. If light gets more energy due to gravitation (the distance between two wave tops shortens), its speed decreases proportionally. The flyby anomaly (Pioneer, Galileo) can be traced to this process also.

To be continued. 

The Black Hole Information Paradox: it ain’t necessarily so

The Information Paradox deals with the question whether information which is absorbed by a Black Hole is lost for ever or may stay intact and even get clear one day. With regard to the definition of this problem I restrict myself to the nature of particles and their natural properties, the Information Paradox being a quantum physical problem after all. If waves are the only carriers of information, it goes without saying that information is lost for ever in a Black Hole. After some time information is garbled anyhow in space; that’s why in the Search for Extraterrestial Information (SETI-project), the search is specifically aimed at conspicuous changes in carrier-waves as such.

As explained in post 9 (“Time and energy”), gravitation brings about another kind of acceleration/slowing-down than the general acceleration/slowing-down caused by an increase/decrease of energy-boost. Light approaching earth gets more energy under the impact of gravitation. Light leaving earth looses energy. Under the impact of gravitation time delays or accelerates. These time-effects happen to light also when approaching or leaving earth. Since C is constant and continuous, time-delay reduces the wave-lengths of light, in other words increases it’s frequency/energy. When light is leaving earth, time-acceleration enlarges the wave-lengths, decreases the frequency/energy. This behavior of light under the impact of gravitation, is in accordance with the results of numerous observations.
If light also consists of photons, one may expect that the energy/mass of such particles, when approaching earth, increases under the impact of gravity, notwithstanding the fact that their energy/mass is already maximal at the speed of light. When they are leaving earth one may expect that their energy/mass decreases. Such behavior has never been confirmed by any observation.

Taking the line that gravitons do not exist (post 2 ” Gravitational waves do not exist”) and that photons are of a very questionable nature (post 10 “The cosmological constant revised” and post 9 “Time and energy”) and that Max Planck’s quantum hypothesis is obsolete (post 8 “Quantum physics unsettled”), one may suppose that there are waves only. On the ground of this supposition it stands to reason that information which is absorbed by a Black Hole is lost for ever.

To be continued.

The cosmological constant revised

Because gravitational waves do not exist (post 2 “Gravitational waves do not exist”) it stands to reason that gravitons, virtual or real, do not exist either.
According to Heisenberg’s principle of uncertainty there are uncertainty relations between the values of pairs of conjugate variables like position and momentum as well as energy and time. This means that for these pairs of variables both values cannot be determined precisely at the same time. The conjugation of energy and time for instance is the theoretical basis for the existence of virtual particles which in itself are the basis for the quantum physical supposition that even vacuum still holds energy (the cosmological constant). In quantum physics the cosmological constant is essential in explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe.

Gravitation, consequence of a continuous relation between mass and time, has the same effect as an acceleration or slowing-down (post 9 “Time and energy”). The equation C=T/M (post 8 “Quantum physics unsettled”) implies that both time and mass cannot have values 0 or ∞, because such values are incompatible with C. Rays of light are subject to time also because they possess a certain quantity of energy and are subject therefore to “deflection” by gravitation. A pulse of light can be conceived as the ratio between its energy and its speed: E/C. C=T/M can also be written as C=E/T or T=E/C (because E=MC²). A lightpulse’s time therefore is dependent on the energy of the lightpulse in proportion to its speed. This means that if the value of E or T is known, the value of T or E must be known also, given the steady value of C. Consequently, as far as light is concerned, there is no uncertainty relation between energy and time.
A pulse of light (post 5 “E = MCC. C is a constant and C is a continuity”) emitted at a particular point at a particular moment will spread out as time goes by from that point and from that moment on as a sphere of light whose size and position are fully independent of the lightsource’s speed. Consequently, as far as light is concerned, there is no uncertainty relation between position and momentum either. All in all it stands to reason that some quantities of energy must be in existence anywhere at all times. We really don’t need uncertainty relations for that, in support of the existence of virtual particles, serving as basis for a special cosmological constant in explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe. As explained in post 7 (“C = T/M x E/S”), taking into account the cosmological constant and continuity C, the accelerating expansion of space is feasible in combination with time-acceleration, decreasing mass and increasing energy.

To be continued.

Time and energy

The hypothesis of Planck being unsettled by the continuous interaction between mass and time, does not necessarily mean that particles do not exist. It means that particles need not exist, that there might be waves only.

The energy of light is equivalent to a certain quantity of mass. Light approaching earth gets more energy and therefore more mass due to earth’s gravitation. Light leaving earth looses energy and mass.

According to present-day understanding photons get the speed of light at the same moment they are emitted, regardless of the lightsource’s speed. In vacuum photons travel at a constant (maximum) speed, having a certain quantity of energy and an equivalent quantity of mass. In another medium than vacuum photons have a lower speed. (Virtual) photons do not possess rest mass, needing the speed of light to get a certain quantity of energy and become a real photon. Photons emitted by a lightsource do get the speed of light at the same moment of their emittance, apparently because of an acceleration from 0 km/s to the speed of light in 0 seconds.

Here we come upon the essential difference between covering longer/shorter distances per unit of time by acceleration/slowing-down (speed increase/decrease per unit of time) and by time-acceleration /time-delay (shorter/longer duration of the course of time). More/less energy is needed in cases of speed increase/decrease. Less/more time is needed in cases of time-acceleration/time-delay. The momentum of a body subjected to acceleration, increases. The momentum of a body which is slowing-down, decreases. On the other hand, the mass of a body subjected to time-acceleration, decreases (no change of momentum), whereas the mass of a body subjected to time-delay, increases (no change of momentum); see also post 2.
This also explains why, in contradiction with the general theory of relativity, forces felt by objects undergoing constant proper acceleration are distinguishable from those caused by gravitation.

To be continued.

Max Planck’s quantum hypothesis unsettled

The kinetic energy of a ray of light does not vary (C is constant), neither does its path through space-time (C is continuous). Yet time and energy (= mass) transmitted do vary in proportion to changes in the division of mass and energy in space-time. Consequently radiation is subjected to the equation C=T/M, whereas the relation between mass and time (= gravity or spatial differences in time) is subjected to C. Therefore one may consider that gravitation is the influence by which energy or information is transmitted. Yet how can this function be compatible with the impact gravitation has on the frequency, the nergy of electromagnetic waves? This apparent incompatibility of functions, transmitting energy and increasing or decreasing the frequency/energy of radiation waves, can be explained by the circumstance that gravitation is not only the consequence of mass but also of time. If time delays, the frequency (= energy = mass) of radiation waves increases. If time accelerates the opposite happens.
This continuous process makes sure that energy can only be emitted or absorbed to a certain extent. Therefore the amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed is finite because of the self-regulating mechanism of the continuous relation between mass and time. Consequently the basis of quantum physics, the hypothesis of Max Planck, is unsettled.

To be continued.

Max Planck’s quantum hypothesis

Planck’s quantum hypothesis (1900) implies that energy can only be emitted or absorbed in certain quantities, meaning that these processes are subject to restriction. Without such a restriction it would be possible in theory that the amount of energy emitted or absorbed could be infinite, which of course is impossible.
The effect of this restriction is that light and other energy waves cannot be emitted at random, but transmitted only in the shape of particles, so-called quanta, the energy of which is more intense as the frequency of the waves is higher. In this way emitting particles at high frequencies requires more energy at a certain moment than available.
In accordance with quantum mechanics particles cannot possess pinpointed positions and momentums, but are represented by a wave. If a wave is known at a certain point in time, it is possible to calculate/predict its further development.
However, if we try and determine/interpret waves in terms of positions and momentums of particles, we are confronted with an element of unpredictability/ uncertainty, in conformity with Heisenberg’s principle of uncertainty (1926). According to this principle it is impossible to pinpoint the position and momentum of a particle at the same time; therefore it is impossible also to predict future positions and momentums of a particle.

To be continued.

C = T/M x E/S.

The speed of light is equal to the quotient of space travelled by light and time passed meanwhile: C = S/T. Energy is equal to the product of mass and the square of the speed of light: E = MC² (Einstein). The latter formula does not reckon with space and time. By introducing space and time into it we get E = MS²/T² or E = MCS/T.

Because of the fact that the speed of light is defined as a constant, we take it that the relation between space and time is also constant (C = S/T). Therefore we suppose that time-delay  always implies a comparatively longer distance and vice versa. We also take it that the ratio between E and M is constant (E/M = C²). However, if we use the formula E = MCS/T or C = T/M x E/S, other possibilities arise. Like for instance the combination of all four variable features *) whereby gain of time coincides with expanding space, decreasing mass and increasing energy, like our expanding universe, accelerating because of the gain of time and attended by the microwave background radiation (C = T-/M- x E+/S+).
Another combination to be considered is shrinking space, increasing mass, time-delay and decreasing energy (C = T+/M+ x E-/S-).

In these endogenous, gravitational processes there is no change of momentum. In the case of the earth running around the sun for instance the mass of the earth decreases whereas its speed increases proportionally (see post 2).

In the universe continuously a process is going on, everywhere and in each direction, of changes in the ratios between mass, energy, space and time. Whatever these changes may be and whatever proportions these variables may bear to one another, the result must always be the same, C. This is an inescapable property of the world, to which the four variable features are fully subjected. Hence it is impossible for singularities to exist and for the universe not to be finite. C is not only a constant, it is also a continuity. Because S is finite and C is continuous, space-time is both finite and unbounded. Consequently the universe has no beginning and no ending. In other words, the universe is eternal.

*)
Properties of the world/decisive factors which shape the world endogenously, being generic and not independent, their proportions being fully interrelated, continuously changing each other’s proportions.

To be continued.

E = MCC. C is a constant and C is a continuity

We take the line that the speed of light is always the same in any event and in each direction. Consequently a pulse of light, emitted at a particular point at a particular moment, will spread out as time goes by from that point and from that moment on as a sphere of light, whose size and position are fully independent of the lightsource’s speed. This means that energy which has been transformed into light, is carried away at the speed of light from any point and any moment of its origination in any direction. Energy cannot however obtain the speed of light in no time.
Apparently there is some kind of influence through which  energy is transmitted at any moment from any point in space in all directions at the speed of light in the form of waves, the frequencies of which depend on the amount of energy transmitted. This is comparable to the way the frequencies of lightwaves, approaching earth, are intensified under the influence of the earth’s mass.
Obviously such an influence is not only constant by nature, being the same in any event and in every direction, but also active at all times and everywhere and therefore continuous. Continuous implies: has always existed and will always remain.

To be continued.